1、Modes of Brassinosteroid Activity in Cold Stress Tolerance

In addition to GAs, the steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) also take part in growth promotion and cold stress signaling; however, in contrast to Gas, BRs can improve cold stress tolerance with fewer trade-offs in terms of growth and yields.

2、Changes in content of steroid regulators during cold hardening of

A higher content of brassinosteroids (but not progesterone) was connected to better frost tolerance of winter wheat cultivars. Plant supplementation with brassinosteroid (24-epibrassinolide) and progesterone before cold hardening reduced frost damage.

3、Chemical products for crop protection against freezing stress: A review

Ten products mainly avoid ice formation by forming semi-permeable or permeable membranes that inhibit extrinsic ice nucleation over leaves, three products work for favouring tolerating ice formation in plants, and two use both mechanisms of action.

4、Comparison of Different Cover Materials and External

The damage through frost and low temperature needs to be alleviated during strawberry cultivation. In the current experiment, we evaluated the effects of different cover materials and exogenous brassinosteroid (BR) application on yield and quality of strawberry in the open field.

5、Modes of Brassinosteroid Activity in Cold Stress Tolerance

In addition to GAs, the steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) also take part in growth promotion and cold stress signaling; however, in contrast to Gas, BRs can improve cold stress tolerance with fewer trade-offs in terms of growth and yields.

Frost protection: fundamentals, practice, and economics

They describe the physics and biology of frost occurrence and damage, passive and active protection methods and how to assess the cost-effectiveness of active protection techniques.

Brassinosteroids and the Tolerance of Cereals to Low and High

The directions of brassinosteroid activity that are described in this paper suggest that BR are one of the players, in addition to gibberellins or ABA, that are important in acquiring a tolerance to a high temperature and especially to frost in cereals.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) Role in Plant Development and Coping with

BRs have been shown in numerous studies to have a positive impact on plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses.

Brassinosteroid signalling: Current Biology

To date, only one type of steroid hormone, named brassinosteroids (BRs), has been found in plants. Research has shown that BRs are involved in acclimation to environmental stresses, cell elongation, and resistance to pathogens, thus increasing plant growth and crop yield.

Brassinosteroids: Relevant Evidence Related to Mitigation of Abiotic

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are natural or synthetic steroids with significant properties that promote plant growth and development. In the current world scenario, research and solutions that can improve plant tolerance to climate change are strategic to ensure food security.

Brassinosteroid and aminoethyl ester (also known as ethylene-like substances) are both commonly used plant growth regulators that demonstrate effectiveness in preventing frost damage. their mechanisms of action, suitable crops, and application methods differ, requiring careful selection based on specific circumstances.

1. Mechanisms of Action

Brassinosteroid is a natural plant hormone that primarily regulates hormonal balance within plants to promote growth and development. It stimulates cell division, elongation, and differentiation, while enhancing stress resistance, disease resistance, and cold hardiness. Additionally, it reduces plants’ sensitivity to low temperatures by improving their resilience to chilling.

Aminoethyl ester, a synthetic plant growth regulator classified as an ethylene analog, works by inhibiting endogenous ethylene production. This slows down plant growth and metabolic processes, reducing nutrient demands. Like brassinosteroid, it also improves cold tolerance and disease resistance, lowering plants’ susceptibility to freezing conditions.

2. Suitable Crops

Brassinosteroid is widely used for fruit trees, vegetables, ornamental plants, and medicinal herbs. It enhances fruit development, yield, and quality while boosting stress resistance and disease defense.

Aminoethyl ester is similarly applied to fruit trees, vegetables, ornamental plants, and medicinal crops. Its primary advantage lies in delaying growth rates and metabolic activity, which conserves nutrients and strengthens stress resilience.

3. Application Methods

Brassinosteroid is easy to use: it can be directly sprayed onto leaves or diluted with water for foliar application. excessive use may accelerate growth, potentially compromising fruit development and yield.

Aminoethyl ester also involves foliar spraying or dilution with water, but requires strict adherence to recommended dosages due to its higher active concentration. Overuse can disrupt normal growth patterns.

4. Comprehensive Comparison

Both regulators effectively mitigate frost damage. Brassinosteroid achieves this by optimizing hormonal balance to improve stress resistance, while aminoethyl ester acts by suppressing ethylene to slow growth and metabolic rates. Both reduce low-temperature sensitivity, enhancing freeze tolerance.

The choice between them depends on crop type, growth stage, and environmental conditions. For example:

• Brassinosteroid is preferable for cold-hardy crops like apple trees.
• Aminoethyl ester suits fast-growing, nutrient-demanding crops like rice.

Neither product universally outperforms the other. Brassinosteroid excels in promoting growth and stress resilience, while aminoethyl ester conserves resources and stabilizes metabolism. The optimal selection should align with specific agricultural needs, crop characteristics, and climate challenges.