1、Ammonia volatilization from synthetic fertilizers and its mitigation

Ammonia (NH 3) volatilization is a major pathway of nitrogen (N) loss in agricultural systems worldwide, and is conducive to low fertilizer N use efficiency, environmental and health issues, and indirect nitrous oxide emission.

2、Ammonia Volatilization from Ammonium or Ammonium

Nitrogen can leach below the root zone with water, nitrate can be reduced to gaseous forms in anaerobic environments, and NH 3 can be lost to the atmosphere when N fertilizer is applied to the soil surface.

3、Water Scarcity Risks in Ammonia Fertilizer Production Pose a Threat to

Ammonia, the foundation of fertilizers, grows food that feed 3.8 billion people. While recent efforts focus on ammonia emissions and costs, water use and scarcity risks remain understudied. We quantify water consumption of ammonia production, evaluate exposure to water scarcity for each of the 406 global plants, and trace how fertilizer trade redistributes water stress across supply chains ...

4、Fertilizer management for global ammonia emission reduction

Here we develop a machine learning model for generating crop-specific and spatially explicit NH 3 emission factors globally (5-arcmin resolution) based on a compiled dataset of field observations.

Ammonia Emission from Mineral Fertilizers and Fertilized Crops

For this reason, the present review focuses on processes involved in NH3 volatilization from inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and the exchange of ammonia between crop foliage and the atmosphere.

Ammonia volatilization mitigation in crop farming: A review of

Ammonia volatilization refers to the loss of nitrogen fertilizer to the atmosphere in the form of ammonia gas. After applying ammonium nitrogen fertilizer to the farmland, a series of biochemical and chemical processes related to ammonia formation occurs regardless in paddy field or dry field.

Effects of Fertilizer Nitrogen Reduction and Crop Residue Return on

Objective Soil fixed ammonium (NH 4 + ), as a temporary pool of nitrogen (N), the change of its content can affect the function of soil N retention and supply.

Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilizer Pollution: Global Concerns and

Organic fertilizers release nitrogen more slowly, while inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, made from synthetic materials like ammonia and nitric acid, release nitrogen quickly, making it readily available for plant uptake.

Ammonia volatilization mitigation in crop farming: A review of

Of all the practices that have been investigated in recent decades, fertilizer amendment technologies are garnering increased attention as the low nitrogen use efficiency in most applied quick-acting fertilizers is the main cause of high ammonia emissions.

Ammonia Volatilization from Ammonium or Ammonium

Ammonia volatilization, N extraction in grains and corn yield in response to the application of conventional fertilizers were compared to urease inhibitors treated urea in NT and T systems.

In agricultural cultivation, ammonium nitrogen fertilizers are commonly used, but issues related to their ineffective utilization may arise during application. The following analysis will elaborate on the factors contributing to the invalidity of ammonium nitrogen fertilizers.

1. Soil pH Impact: In acidic soils, ammonium nitrogen tends to be immobilized, making it difficult for plants to absorb. In alkaline soils, ammonium ions convert into ammonia gas and volatilize, reducing fertilizer efficacy. adjustments based on soil pH are necessary when applying ammonium nitrogen fertilizers to ensure effective utilization.

2. Crop Type Influence: Different crops exhibit varying capacities to absorb ammonium nitrogen. Generally, leguminous crops have stronger absorption capabilities compared to gramineous crops. Thus, selecting ammonium nitrogen fertilizers should consider crop species and growth stages to optimize fertilizer efficiency.

3. Fertilization Method Effects: Application methods significantly affect the effectiveness of ammonium nitrogen fertilizers. Excessive application can lead to high concentrations of ammonium ions in soil solutions, causing ammonium-calcium precipitation and hindering plant uptake. Additionally, ammonium nitrogen is prone to volatilization during application, resulting in nutrient loss. Hence, rational dosage and application techniques are crucial for improving utilization rates.

4. Environmental Factors: External environmental conditions also impact fertilizer performance. For instance, atmospheric sulfides reacting with ammonium ions form ammonium sulfite, which further transforms into less effective ammonium bisulfite. High temperatures and humidity accelerate decomposition. avoiding adverse environmental factors is essential for maintaining fertilizer effectiveness.

5. Pest and Disease Impact: Pathogens and pests disrupt normal plant growth, subsequently affecting ammonium nitrogen absorption. Damaged leaves impair photosynthesis, limiting ammonium uptake. pests alter soil microbial activity, influencing ammonium transformation and release. Integrated pest management strategies are vital to preserve fertilizer efficacy.

6. Soil Microorganisms' Role: Soil microbes play a pivotal role in ammonium nitrogen conversion and release. Beneficial microorganisms enhance nutrient availability, while harmful ones suppress these processes. Monitoring and optimizing soil microbial communities improve fertilizer utilization.

7. Timing of Application: Fertilization timing greatly affects outcomes. Early growth stages typically benefit more from ammonium nitrogen due to higher plant nitrogen demands. Late-season applications may prove less efficient as requirements decrease. Aligning application schedules with crop development phases maximizes benefits.

8. Frequency of Application: Over-application leads to excessive ammonium concentrations, promoting precipitation and reducing uptake efficiency. Frequent applications also increase nutrient runoff and environmental pollution risks. Strategic application frequencies balance effectiveness and sustainability.

9. Proportion of Application: Exceeding optimal ammonium nitrogen ratios results in unnecessary losses through volatilization, diminishing overall efficiency. Tailoring application rates according to crop needs and soil conditions ensures prudent use.

10. Application Techniques: Conventional methods like strip and hole applications often cause uneven distribution, compromising efficiency. Modern practices such as deep placement and broadcast incorporation better cater to plant requirements, enhancing utilization. Selecting appropriate techniques tailored to specific crops and soils is key.

addressing the invalidity of ammonium nitrogen fertilizers requires comprehensive consideration of multiple factors. Farmers should adapt strategies flexibly based on local climate, soil properties, and crop types to achieve optimal results. Governments and relevant agencies must provide guidance and support to promote scientific fertilization practices, fostering sustainable agricultural development.